3种植物提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的抑制作用

通过室内试验测定了1种寄主植物烟草和2种非寄主植物滇杨、桉树叶的不同溶剂(石油醚、氯仿和乙醇)提取物,在0～72 h对马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵抑制效果.结果表明,3种植物中均含有抑制马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的化学物质.烟草的石油醚提取物对雌虫无产卵抑制活性,乙醇提取物在0～24 h表现出显著的产卵抑制活性,而氯仿提取物的产卵抑制活性可持续48 h.滇杨叶的3种溶剂提取物均对马铃薯块茎蛾雌蛾表现出显著的抑制效果,但石油醚提取物的作用时间仅为24 h,而氯仿与乙醇提取物的作用时间可达48 h.桉树叶的3种溶剂提取物均在24 h内对雌蛾表现出显著的产卵抑制效果,但氯仿提取物在24～48 h内对雌蛾有显著的产卵促进作用.     

Determination of baseline susceptibility of European populations of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) to indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole using a novel dip bioassay method

BACKGROUND: Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) is one of the most serious pests of tomato recently introduced in the Mediterranean region. A novel bioassay method designed for the accurate determination of insecticide toxicity on T. absoluta (IRAC method No. 022) was validated by three different laboratories [Greece (NAGREF), Italy (UC) and Spain (UPCT)] on European populations. RESULTS: The insecticides indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole were used as reference products. The IRAC leaf dip method is easy to perform, producing repeatable, homogeneous responses. LC₅₀ values for indoxacarb ranged between 1.8 and 17.9 mg L^?1 (NAGREF), 0.93 and 10.8 mg L^?1 (UC) and 0.20 and 0.70 mg L^?1 (UPCT), resulting in a tenfold, 12‐fold and fourfold difference between the least and most susceptible populations at each laboratory respectively. For chlorantraniliprole, LC₅₀ values ranged between 0.10 and 0.56 mg L^?1 (NAGREF), 0.23 and 1.34 mg L^?1 (UC) and 0.04 and 0.24 mg L^?1 (UPCT), resulting in a sixfold difference in all three cases. Overall, UPCT reported lower mean LC₅₀ to indoxacarb, while UC reported higher LC₅₀ to chlorantraniliprole. CONCLUSIONS: The new bioassay is reliable, providing a useful tool in the design of IRM strategies. Within each country/lab, the variability observed in the results for both indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole can be attributed to natural variation. Future research is necessary to determine the extent to which it is possible to compare results among laboratories. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Host resistance and influence of tuber surface on larval performance of potato tuberworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Potato tuberworm (PTW), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most important pests of potatoes in tropic and subtropic regions. Previous studies suggested that tuber periderm may limit larval penetration and establishment of PTW. Short term influence of parental host plant acclimatization, influence of tuber dormancy and influence of tuber periderm (the outer cork layer of tubers) on aspects of PTW biology were investigated on tubers of a susceptible commercial potato cultivar, cv. Allegany (Solanum tuberosum L.), and a resistant hybrid potato clone, Q174-2 (S. tuberosum × S. berthaultii Hawkes). Short-term parental host plant acclimatization did not affect numbers of PTW larvae on resistant and susceptible tubers. Numbers of larvae produced on tubers of Q174-2, and Allegany, were similar although larval weight was less on Q174-2 than on Allegany. Larval production increased with tuber age on both susceptible and resistant potato clones, suggesting that bud sprouts may enhance fitness by providing food and shelter for first instars prior to tuber entry. Removal of tuber periderm led to a significant increase in larval survival on Allegany and Q174-2, although proportional survival on Allegany and Q174-2 was similar to that on intact tubers, suggesting the involvement of internal rather than external periderm factors in tuber resistance of Q174-2. Weights of larvae reared on Q174-2 were consistently less than those of larvae reared on susceptible potato tubers in both intact and peeled tuber assays. Although the expression of periderm-mediated tuber resistance declines with tuber age, such resistance could significantly reduce preharvest field infestations by PTW and constitute an important component of sustainable PTW management, particularly for fresh market crops and for those potato crops stored for several months or less in the absence of refrigeration.     

设施番茄4种栽培方式下番茄潜叶蛾对化蛹场所的选择性研究

为提高番茄潜叶蛾的监测与防控效率,在樱桃番茄生产温棚开展了双色地膜土栽、地砖托盘盆栽、地砖盆栽、地布盆栽4种栽培方式下番茄潜叶蛾对化蛹场所的选择性研究。依据栽培方式,调查了12种可能的化蛹场所。结果表明,番茄的栽培方式不同,番茄潜叶蛾的化蛹场所亦有明显变化。双色地膜土栽方式下,6种场所的总计平均化蛹数量和化蛹数量占比中,地膜覆盖土显著高于其他场所,依次为地膜覆盖土>种植孔周边和茎秆>叶片;叶柄和果实上未观察到有幼虫化蛹。地砖托盘盆栽方式下,9种场所的总计平均化蛹数量中,花盆托盘底部和花盆翻边显著多于花盆盆底,其他场所未观察到有幼虫化蛹;化蛹数量占比中,花盆托盘底部显著高于其他场所,依次为花盆托盘底部>花盆翻边>花盆盆底。地砖盆栽方式下,8种场所的总计平均化蛹数量中,地砖缝隙和花盆翻边显著多于花盆盆底,其他场所未观察到有幼虫化蛹;化蛹数量占比中,地砖缝隙显著高于花盆翻边和花盆盆底。地布盆栽方式下,8种场所的总计平均化蛹数量和化蛹数量占比中,花盆盆底显著高于其他场所,依次为花盆盆底>花盆翻边>地布表面,其他场所未观察到幼虫化蛹。双色地膜土栽方式下4种化蛹场所的逐次平均化蛹数量和化蛹数量占比中,地膜覆盖土显著高于其他场所,其中化蛹数量依次为地膜覆盖土>种植孔周边>茎秆和叶片;化蛹数量占比依次为地膜覆盖土>种植孔周边和茎秆>叶片。地砖托盘盆栽方式下,3种化蛹场所的逐次平均化蛹数量中,花盆翻边和花盆托盘底部显著多于花盆盆底;逐次平均化蛹数量占比中,花盆托盘底部显著高于其他场所,依次为花盆托盘底部>花盆翻边>花盆盆底。地砖盆栽方式下,3种化蛹场所的逐次平均化蛹数量和化蛹数量占比中,地砖缝隙显著高于其他场所,化蛹数量依次为地砖缝隙>花盆翻边>花盆盆底;化蛹数量占比依次为地砖缝隙>花盆翻边和花盆盆底。地布盆栽方式下,3种化蛹场所的逐次平均化蛹数量和化蛹数量占比中,花盆盆底显著高于其他场所,依次为花盆盆底>花盆翻边>地布表面。化蛹场所选择性综合评价结果显示,双色地膜土栽方式下,番茄潜叶蛾对4种化蛹场所的选择性依次为地膜覆盖土>种植孔周边>茎秆>叶片;地砖托盘盆栽、地砖盆栽和地布盆栽等3种栽培方式下,番茄潜叶蛾对3种化蛹场所的选择性分别依次为花盆托盘底部>花盆翻边>花盆盆底、地砖缝隙>花盆翻边>花盆盆底、花盆盆底>花盆翻边>地布表面。研究结果对番茄潜叶蛾种群发生动态监测和有效防控具有重要指导意义。     

滇杨挥发物成分对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响

为了筛选非寄主植物滇杨的挥发物中驱避马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的活性成分,在室内利用选择性产卵试验方法分别测定了8种挥发物:丁香酚、苯甲酸、苯甲醇、苯乙醇、2-羟基苯甲醛、β-紫罗兰酮、水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醛不同浓度(0.75~12mg/L)的溶液对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响。结果表明:水杨酸甲酯在6~12mg/L浓度范围内对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有极显著的引诱效果。丁香酚在3~12mg/L浓度范围内对产卵有驱避效果,12mg/L时的产卵驱避率为62.1%。苯甲酸在1.5~12mg/L浓度范围内对产卵有驱避效果,但各浓度下的产卵驱避率不存在显著差异。12mg/L的苯甲醇和苯乙醇的产卵驱避率分别为12.1%和20.2%。6mg/L和12mg/L的2-羟基苯甲醛的产卵驱避率分别为44.1%和33.2%。β-紫罗兰酮在1.5mg/L浓度时产卵驱避率为30.9%。12mg/L的苯甲醛产卵驱避率为38.5%。本文测试的8种挥发物中有7种在不同浓度范围内表现出显著的产卵驱避效果。     

The breeding potential of wild potato species resistant to the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

Summary The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) is an important pest of potatoes in the field and in stores in warm environments throughout the world. In this study genetic resistance to potato tuber moth was identified in clones of Solanum sparsipilum (coded MBN) originally developed for resistance to bacterial wilt and root-knot nematode. Resistance to this pest in S. sucrense and S. tarijense as well as S. sparsipilum was exploited in wide crosses with diploid and tetraploid cultivated potatoes, and haploids derived from S. tuberosum; hybrid progenies were produced. Crosses between resistant S. pinnatisectum or S. commersonii and cultivated potatoes failed completely, although S. commersonii did hybridise with two bridging species S. lignicaule and S. capsicibaccatum which are slightly compatible with cultivated potatoes. Resistance to potato tuber moth was transferred to all progenies except those in which S. tarijense was the resistant parent. The development of potatoes resistant to potato tuber moth is discussed in the context of population breeding for the lowland tropics.     

马铃薯块茎蛾对不同品种马铃薯块茎的适应性分析

【目的】马铃薯块茎蛾（Phthorimaea operculella）是马铃薯上的重要害虫,严重影响马铃薯的产量和品质。明确马铃薯块茎蛾对不同品种块茎的适应性,为马铃薯抗性品种筛选以及制定有效的害虫综合治理策略提供依据。【方法】以目前生产上商业化推广的4个马铃薯品种（夏波蒂、龙薯4号、龙薯12号、克新17号）块茎为试验材料,采用年龄-阶段特定两性生命表,测定不同品种块茎上马铃薯块茎蛾的发育历期和种群参数,以评价马铃薯块茎蛾在不同品种上的适应性。【结果】取食不同品种块茎的马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫期、蛹期和雌成虫寿命存在显著差异。其中取食克新17号的马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫期（15.18 d)和蛹期（8.10 d）相较于取食其他3个品种（夏波蒂、龙薯4号、龙薯12号）长,而雌成虫寿命（8.46 d）较短。另外,取食同种品种块茎的马铃薯块茎蛾雄成虫寿命普遍高于雌成虫。取食不同品种块茎的马铃薯块茎蛾单雌产卵量存在显著差异,取食夏波蒂（235.06粒）和龙薯4号（254.48粒）的马铃薯块茎蛾单雌产卵量显著多于取食克新17号（165.71粒）。取食不同品种块茎的马铃薯块茎蛾内禀增长率（r）、周限增长率（λ）、净增殖率（R₀）和平均世代时间（T）等种群参数存在极显著差异。其中取食克新17号的马铃薯块茎蛾的r、λ、R₀值（r=0.108,λ=1.125,R₀=26.513）均显著低于其余3个品种,T值（30.28）显著高于其余3个品种。在幼虫选择性取食试验中,1龄马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫尤为偏好龙薯4号和夏波蒂,对克新17号选择性最低, 并随着龄期的增长,选择性逐渐降低。【结论】马铃薯块茎蛾对不同品种薯块的适应性不同,在夏波蒂和龙薯4号上适应性较好,龙薯12号次之,克新17号种群建立水平最低。在马铃薯块茎蛾危害严重区域,可以考虑选择种植马铃薯块茎蛾适应性较低的品种,作为田间抑制马铃薯块茎蛾种群的一个重要策略。     

警惕南美番茄潜叶蛾 Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)在中国扩散

南美番茄潜叶蛾源于南美洲的秘鲁,是新近侵入中国的一种外来有害生物,主要为害蔬菜、水果、烟草、粮食作物、糖料作物和杂草等,嗜食茄科植物,尤其番茄(包括鲜食番茄、樱桃番茄、加工番茄等)和世界广布性杂草龙葵,严重发生时导致番茄减产80%～100%。该虫首次于2017年在新疆伊犁被发现,寄主植物为露地鲜食番茄,之后又在云南临沧发生,寄主植物为保护地鲜食番茄。南美番茄潜叶蛾寄主范围广泛,有9科约40种,并极易随农产品(尤其番茄)的贸易活动/调运进行远距离扩散,严重威胁我国农业产业的安全发展。文章概述了南美番茄潜叶蛾的分布范围、生物学习性、传播途径,分析了其在我国的发生发展趋势,并从物种鉴定、生物防治等方面提出了建议,以期为有效防控该虫在我国的进一步扩散提供参考。     

烟碱对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫保护酶和解毒酶的影响

为研究植食性昆虫与植物次生物质的关系,以检疫性害虫马铃薯块茎蛾[Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)]为研究对象,连续5代用含有植物次生代谢物质烟碱的人工饲料喂养幼虫,自2龄幼虫饲养至5龄,测定烟碱对幼虫解毒酶系和保护酶系的影响。结果表明:5龄幼虫中肠内的羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性显著提高,在第3代时达最大值,分别是对照的1.86倍和1.59倍;烟碱可明显抑制马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,抑制随着饲养代数的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,烟碱可显著提高马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。结论:马铃薯块茎蛾在取食含有植物次生物质烟碱后能启动自身的解毒酶系统并通过调节保护酶系统,逐步适应植物毒素的危害。     

Plants used in controlling the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

A survey of literature (published from 1915 to 1993) on the plants used for the control of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) has revealed that the preparations from 35 plant species are effective against the pest either in the storage (non-refrigerated) or in the laboratory. In some studies chopped and dried leaves were used, while in others leaf/seed extracts, fruit peel, bulb, root and rhizome were used. Plant preparations are effective in reducing the pest damage or killing at different stages of the pest.